Coinbase Global, Inc.

Coinbase's primary revenue comes from transaction fees from cryptocurrency trading, custody services, blockchain rewards, and other technology services. These activities involve the exchange of real digital assets and the provision of technological infrastructure, which are not inherently haram. The company facilitates the exchange of cryptocurrencies, which constitutes trading of actual digital assets rather than gambling or zero-sum games.

Based on the financial data from the last four quarters, interest expense remains consistently low relative to total expenses. Interest expense ratios range from approximately 1.3% to 2.1% of total expenses across all quarters, well below the 5% threshold that would indicate material reliance on interest.

After reviewing available public information, SEC filings, and company documents, there is no evidence of significant ongoing associations with entities involved in human rights violations. The company operates globally but maintains compliance with U.S. regulations and has no known direct ties to the state of Israel or the Chinese Communist Party.