Microstrategy Inc.

Based on the company's financial statements and business activities, MicroStrategy's primary revenue streams come from two main sources: enterprise software solutions and bitcoin holdings. Neither of these activities constitute haram sources of income as they involve real asset ownership and legitimate business operations. The software business provides actual value through technology solutions, while bitcoin holdings represent ownership of digital assets.

Analysis of the last four quarters shows that interest expenses were only reported in the most recent quarter at $22.93 million. The company's total expenses across these quarters were significantly higher, making the interest expense ratio relatively low. Even in the quarter with the highest interest expense, the ratio remains below concerning levels.

Based on available information from SEC filings and company reports, there is no evidence of significant ongoing associations with entities involved in human rights violations. The company primarily operates in North America and Europe, with no substantial operations or R&D centers in Israel or direct ties to the Chinese Communist Party.